RT Dissertation/Thesis
T1 Analysis of the emerging situation of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors in Pyrenophora teres and Zymoseptoria tritici in Europe
A1 Rehfus,Alexandra
WP 2018/09/05
AB Phytopathogenic fungi such as Pyrenophora teres and Zymoseptoria tritici cause destructive diseases of barley and wheat in all major cereal production areas worldwide. The control of net blotch of barley caused by P. teres and Septoria tritici blotch (STB) of wheat caused by Z. tritici mainly relies on the usage of fungicides. Thereby, three single-site inhibiting fungicide classes, the quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), the demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) have the highest relevance.
The class of SDHIs is the most newly introduced fungicide class and inhibits the fungal succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDH) which is a critical enzyme of the respiratory chain and the tricarboxylic cycle. The upcoming SDHI resistance in European populations of P. teres and Z. tritici was investigated in the present study and resistance mechanisms underlying SDHI resistance were characterised. SDHI resistant isolates of both pathogens were collected in intensive monitoring programmes which covered the major barley and wheat growing areas in Europe.
SDHI resistant isolates showed point mutations in the genes SdhB, SdhC and SdhD which cause amino acid alteration in the subunits B, C and D of the SDH complex. First SDHI resistant isolates of both pathogens were detected in 2012 and showed amino acid alteration, histidine to tyrosine at position 277 in SDH B (B-H277Y) in the case of P. teres and a threonine to asparagine exchange at position 79 in SDH-C (C-T79N) in the case of Z. tritici. In P. teres, a significant increase of SDHI resistant isolates from 2012 to 2015 was observed, particularly in countries such as France and Germany. Several target-site mutations leading to amino acid exchanges, namely B-H277Y, C-S73P, C-N75S, C-G79R, C-H134R, C-S135R, D-D124N/E, D-H134R, D-G138V, D-D145G and D-E178K, were identified in those isolates. Sequencing of SdhB, SdhC and SdhD genes of several isolates confirmed that each isolate carried one mutation in the Sdh genes, and not two or more in combination. In vitro and in planta sensitivity tests were performed and revealed that each SDH-variant causes a distinct resistance phenotype towards SDHIs. Commercially available SDHIs were compared and isolates showed cross-resistance towards all SDHIs tested, although some minor differences in the response to different mutations were observed. Most of the SDHI resistant P. teres isolates carried C-G79R substitution which was shown to exhibit one of the strongest effects of all detected alterations. In addition to C-G79R, other substitutions, such as C-N75S and D-D145G, were frequently found in the field. These SDH-variants were shown to confer low to moderate levels of resistance.
In contrast to the rapid ‘build-up’ of resistant isolates in the population of P. teres in countries such as France and Germany, the emergence of SDHI resistance in Z. tritici did not evolve as fast as observed in net blotch. Here, only a few resistant isolates have been sampled so far (42 resistent of 3431 investigated isolates, 1.2%). An increase of resistant isolates of Z. tritici was observed mainly in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, however, still at low levels. SDH variants B-N225I, B-T268I/A, C-N86S/A, C-T79N/I, C-W80S, C-H152R and C-V166M were detected in SDHI resistant isolates collected in these and other countries such as France and Germany. Four isolates showed two mutations in the Sdh genes in combination. In vitro and in planta sensitivity measurements demonstrated that C-H152R mutants showed the highest resistance level of all investigated SDH variants collected in the field. C-T79N and C-N86S exchanges which have been detected more frequently in the field than C-H152R, were shown to confer lower levels of resistance compared to C-H152R. 
Both phytopathogenic species were shown to evolve a range of diverse target-site mutations, which led to different alterations in both pathogen species with exception of C-N75S in P. teres and the homologous variant, C-N86S, in Z. tritici. This can be explained by species-specific variation of the SDH enzyme, a different nature of the pathogens (e.g. host plants and disease geographical spread) as well as a different fungicide use pattern (e.g. mode of action diversity and fungicide application intensity). The absence of a dominant major target-site mutation in the case of SDHI resistance in both pathogens is thought to allow SDHIs as effective control agent against both pathogen species also in the future. Nevertheless, anti-resistance management strategies are highly recommended for the usage of SDHIs. These strategies should not only be based on the use of mixtures and alternations of fungicides but should also implement integrated disease control measurements (e.g. resistant host cultivars).
K1 Drechslera teres
K1 Septoria tritici
K1 Fungizid
K1 Resistenz
PP Hohenheim
PB Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim
UL http://opus.uni-hohenheim.de/volltexte/2018/1516